Abdul Ghaffar Khan, (born 1890, Utmanzai, India—died Jan. 20, 1988, Peshawar, Pak.), the foremost 20th-century leader of the Pashtuns (Pakhtuns, or Pathans; a Muslim ethnic group of Pakistan and Afghanistan), who became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and called the “Frontier Gandhi.”
Ghaffar Khan met Gandhi and entered politics in 1919 during agitation over the Rowlatt Acts, which allowed the internment of political dissidents without trial. In the following year he joined the Khilafat movement, which sought to strengthen the spiritual ties of Indian Muslims to the Turkish sultan, and in 1921 he was elected president of a district Khilafat committee in his native North-West Frontier Province.
Soon after attending an Indian National Congress (Congress Party) gathering in 1929, Ghaffar Khan founded the Red Shirt movement (Khudai Khitmatgar) among the Pashtuns. It espoused nonviolent nationalist agitation in support of Indian independence and sought to awaken the Pashtuns’ political consciousness. By the late 1930s Ghaffar Khan had become a member of Gandhi’s inner circle of advisers, and the Khudai Khitmatgar actively aided the Congress Party cause up to the partition of India in 1947.
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Abdul Ghaffar Khan, (born 1890, Utmanzai, India—died Jan. 20, 1988, Peshawar, Pak.), the foremost 20th-century leader of the Pashtuns (Pakhtuns, or Pathans; a Muslim ethnic group of Pakistan and Afghanistan), who became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and was called the “Frontier Gandhi.”
Born: 1890 India
Died: January 20, 1988 (aged 98) Peshawar Pakistan
Role In: Red Shirt Movement
Ghaffar Khan met Gandhi and entered politics in 1919 during agitation over the Rowlatt Acts, which allowed the internment of political dissidents without trial. In the following year he joined the Khilafat movement, which sought to strengthen the spiritual ties of Indian Muslims to the Turkish sultan, and in 1921 he was elected president of a district Khilafat committee in his native North-West Frontier Province.
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Red Shirt movement
…Congress, an action started by Abdul Ghaffar Khan of the North-West Frontier Province...
Soon after attending an Indian National Congress (Congress Party) gathering in 1929, Ghaffar Khan founded the Red Shirt movement (Khudai Khitmatgar) among the Pashtuns. It espoused nonviolent nationalist agitation in support of Indian independence and sought to awaken the Pashtuns’ political consciousness. By the late 1930s Ghaffar Khan had become a member of Gandhi’s inner circle of advisers, and the Khudai Khitmatgar actively aided the Congress Party cause up to the partition of India in 1947.
Ghaffar Khan, who had opposed the partition, chose to live in Pakistan, where he continued to fight for the rights of the Pashtun minority and for an autonomous Pushtunistan (also called Pakhtunistan or Pathanistan; an independent state in the border areas of West Pakistan).
He paid dearly for his principles, spending many years in jail and afterward residing in Afghanistan.
Ghaffar Khan returned to Pakistan in 1972. His memoirs, My Life and Struggle, were made public in 1969.
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https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-baloch-and-pashtun-nationalist-movements-in-pakistan-colonial-legacy-and-the-failure-of-state-policy-53691/
The Baloch National Movement a Baloch nationalist political organization which was led by Ghulam Mohammed Baloch, who served as the organizations's president before his murder in April 2009.
In 1987, the educated Baloch youth created Baloch National Youth Movement, which aimed at raising awareness about Balochistan's independence. Its leader Fida Ahmed was killed in 1988, allegedly on the orders of Pakistan military.
After his murder, the most senior leaders of the group—Dr Malik (incumbent Chief Minister of Balochistan and Dr Hai Baloch) decided to take part in Pakistan's parliamentary politics. They changed the party's name to Balochistan National Movement. The party soon became the strongest in Balochistan and won several seats in the Balochistan Assembly and Pakistan's National Assembly. The party leaders also changed their demand from Balochistan's independence to provincial autonomy within Pakistan. History After their first tenure in government, reports of corruption and incompetence within started emerging in the media and inside circles. However, their students’ wing, the Baloch Students Organization, led by Ghulam Mohammad Baloch, was still demanding independence from Pakistan. After 1992, Ghulam Mohammed Baloch completed his time in the BSO and joined the Balochistan National Movement. He created a pressure group within the party to end participation in the “corrupt” parliamentary politics and revert to the basic mission of the party which was to mobilze the Baloch people for a movement for an independent Balochistan. His influence grew fast within the party and he became the Senior Vice President.
In 2004, his group succeeded in including the demand of independence in the party's manifesto and renamed the party as the Baloch National Movement. Dr Malik Baloch and his like-minded leaders joined another party and renamed their group as the National Party, removing the word Balochistan from the name.
Ghulam Mohammad Baloch led the Baloch National Movement till 2009 when he was murdered by Pakistan military. During his six years’ tenure as president of the party, he made the BNM as the biggest mass party in Balochistan and people started raising the slogan of Balochistan's freedom once again.
Ghulam Mohammed had such respect among Baloch separatist militants that he was able to persuade them to release UNHCR official John Solecki. The United Nations and the US embassy in Pakistan condemned his murder and appreciated him for his efforts for humanitarian causes.
Currently, the party is being led by Khalil Baloch. Hundreds of BNM's workers have been either killed or abducted by Pakistan military.
Zrumbesh is part of a multi language media network. Working under Zrumbesh Broadcasting corporation which is an autonomous body under Baloch National Movement (BNM).
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Sindhi nationalism also known as Sindhi Nationalist Movement (Sindhi: سنڌي قومپرستي يا سنڌي قومي تحريڪ) was launched in the 1972 to separate Sindh from Pakistan. After Bangladesh became independent in 1971, G.M. Syed gave a new direction to nationalism and founded the Jeay Sindh Mahaz in 1972 and presented the idea of Sindhudesh; a separate homeland for Sindhis. G.M. Syed is considered as the founder of modern Sindhi nationalism. However, Sindh nationalists stand divided.
The Sindhi nationalist movement's demands ranged from greater cultural, economic and political rights, to political autonomy, and to outright secession from Pakistan and the creation of an independent state referred to as Sindhudesh. It was founded by G. M. Syed in 1972 to separate Sindh from Pakistan.
Sindhi separatists believe that the Sindhi people suffer from disenfranchisement at the hands of Pakistan's Punjabi majority. In 1972 G.M Syed, The considered founder of Sindhi nationalism formed an organization Jeay Sindh Mahaz. Later JSM divided into many fictions. Majorly two of these various political counterparts of Sindhi nationalism are JSQM and JSMM which believe in the political struggle.
Sindhi nationalists Sindhudesh Liberation Army is a terrorist organization of Sindhi nationalists in Pakistan. The Sindhudesh Liberation Army became publicly known during the 2010, after it claimed bomb blast on railway tracks near Hyderabad, Pakistan. In October 2012, Sindhudesh Liberation Army was designated as terrorist organisation by the Government of Pakistan.
In Sindh province many nationalist parties other than these separatist nationalist parties have been demanding for the rights of Sindhi people according to the 1940s Lahore resolution within the framework of Pakistan.[6] Major parties those advocate this rhetoric are Awami Tehreek led by Rasool Bux Palijo; formerly worked with G.M. Syed but parted his ways after the Syed's call for a separate homeland for Sindhis. Sindh United Party led by G.M. Syed's grandson Syed Jalal Mehmood Shah and Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party led by Qadir Magsi.[
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